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INTRODUCTION Nowadays. Information technology (IT) is a familiar term for the people and the expert. This technology is developing rapidly and introducing in all social fields as well as influencing on all sciences and being affected by the other sciences. All processes and steps of remedial –healthy cares have been depended heavily on management information and its transfer. Information technology is also used increasingly for new medical practices, effective and active management of health cares and medical profession knowledge. In medical profession is necessarily required the informed scientists and intelligent expert having enough knowledge of related matters, comprehensive knowledge of medical devices and its technology as well as information and communication technologies. Medical informatics (data processing ) science which is developing and growing rapidly includes decision making based on the information, therapy display, systematic management, information saving and its retainin g, management system, model identifying and image and signal processing. Expert system is a subdivision of artificial intelligence and an expert system is the one having expertise within a special field and may be applied to that field for decision making and/or helping the expert people for decision making [1]. Expert system is a component of the process for intelligently automation of the processes regarded as artificial intelligence. Once John MC charty created Lisp language in masachoset institute of technology in 1960, it was as the initial step toward an expert system . from that date onward, a variety of expert systems have been developed and applied like CMS, XI-PLUS, ROSIE, OPS5, EMYCIN, EXPERT and so on. An expert system is comprised o... ... beyond the studying of direct relationship and subject not found among the nodes. Maybe the most important problem in giving the network and the most important interests in processing rule were needed to be identified gradually and this need was related to both the knowledge and cognition of small zone parts and the alignment of experts sharing in this study. since the expert did not use these cases for autopsy and interpreting , their clinical reasoning, asking them to say whatever they know was completely vain. Nevertheless, discussing with some special patients with severe diseases and encouraging our colleagues in interpreting the trends and their decisions, some of them who were n’t expert in a field got information about a piece of knowledge of applied environment, that is, personal inferencial realities which an expert regards them in solving the problem[2].

A study on the role of child labor in developing countries in the 21st century Essay

What role does child labor play in developing countries in the 21st century? Child labor is currently one of the most destructive obstacles to stand in the way of social development from taking place. In developing countries in the twenty-first century, child labor is considered to be a serious issue. According to the World without work (Thompson) in some areas of the world society has a heavy reliance on machines and automated labor. While in other areas, primarily developing countries there is a heavy reliance on child labor. In the Myth of Sisyphus (Camus) the main character works continuously with no purpose, however, in reality, individuals in developing countries have to contend with the idea of working towards the idea of survival. Recently the International Labour Organization (ILO,2013) estimated there are around 215 million children between the ages five to fourteen who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for prolonged hours, in very bad conditions. This can affect their health physically, mentally and emotionally. These children do not have the basic rights like access to school or health care. This can have adverse effects on future generations, making the country’s situation even worse. According to a multitude of diverse scholars, the term child labor has several definitions. According to Suda(2011), the term child labor refers to when children are working in any type of work that is dangerous and harmful to children’s health or the work hinders their education. For Moyi (2011) child labor refers to low wages, long hours, physical and sexual abuse. According to Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005), child labor is viewed as a form of child labor abuse when children work in bad conditions and hazardous occupations. In developing countries, child labor is primarily caused by poverty, inequality, a slow transition of demographics, and a dependence on farm labor. Regarding the reason as to why families end up deciding to send their children into the workforce it usually has to do with spacing and birth order of children, and the number. When a child enters the labor force at such a young age it perpetuates familial poverty throughout several generations. This, in turn, wil l result in the lack of social growth and development and economic growth. It is this institution of child labor that prevents young children both boys and especially girls from obtaining the proper and fundamental education required for individuals to eventually obtain work opportunities that will result in a proper future for the rest of their familial generations. It is evident that â€Å" The incidence of child labor is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia and the Pacific. The prevalence of child labor is very high in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Nigeria.About 48 million child laborers across sub-Saharan Africa, including 15 million in Nigeria engaged in child labor â€Å"(Ajakaye,2013). According to LUP (2002), it is apparent that some government agencies are attempting to alleviate this child labor situation while others are either in support or remain idle because they desire the quick and easy economic benefits. What they fail to bring into considerat ion is the future of the people and the country. It is not an economically nor is it a socially viable solution to continue down the path that involves child labor.    In the twentieth century employing children created no serious social issues. It was only when the idea of factory systems was implemented that social issues began to develop and change. It was after factories were implemented children ended up working for little amounts of money. Their money made a bit of an impact on the incomes that families made. Thus children spent more time in these so-called sweatshops and less time in the classroom. This resulted in children becoming uneducated. Uneducated themselves, and their children uneducated as well a cycle began to continue. Thus people and families wound up in a vicious cycle with no way to get out. â€Å"The first federal child labor law was passed in the U.S. Congress in 1916. This law â€Å"set standards for the hiring of children by industries involved in interstate or foreign commerce†( Unicef). In developing countries, there are minute protections for children primarily because of how difficult it is to get people out of the vicious cycle. According to a study done in (2007) on child labor in Luanda, Angola conducted by ICF International Inc partnered with an organization in Angola, Austral COWI, discovered that â€Å"There is a large gap between the educational attainment of children who are working in their teen years (ages 14 to 17) when a child should be attending secondary school. Only 30.0 percent of children who have completed some secondary school were working. At each progressively lower attainment group, this figure becomes higher (42.4 percent for primary complete, 58.8 percent for primary incomplete, and 72 percent for those with no formal education)†. This study ended up revealing to the local government in Angola the conditions of work, educational status, and the services that are incorporated into a society that are designed to help the children. Currently, the elimination of child labor is becoming more of an issue that more and more international organizations are becoming interested and involved in. In order to properly combat the current child labour issue the countries that are affected need to set up programs that provide families with support and awareness, they need to create and implement policies and legislation that will improve the overall well being of the people, and they also need to think about helping the people have more of a say in the companies and having more ownership of the companies within the country. When all of these solutions are implemented in each of the countries there should be a drastic increase in overall social and economic well being. It may not be witnessed instantly, however, it will be observed if not within the generation then within the next generation. The vicious cycle of poverty will then see some substantial changes.    References Camus, A. (1942). The Myth of Sysiphus. Child labor – The British Library. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/child-labour Child labor | Law | The Guardian. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/law/child-labour Edmonds, & Pavnick. (2005). Child Labor | Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-labor ICF. (2007). Child labor – The British Library. Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/child-labour IL0. (2013). International Labour Office- Questions and Answers on child labor. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publi cation/wcms_decl_fs_52_en.pdf LUP. (2002). Global – Child Labour – WE. Retrieved from https://www.we.org/gb/we-at-school/we-schools/issues-backgrounders/global-child-la labor/ Moyi, & Child Labor Public Education Project. (2011). Child Labor in U.S. History – The Child Labor Education Project. Retrieved from https://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html Suda. (2011). Child Labor – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.com. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/child-labor Thompson. (2015). A World Without Work – The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/07/world-without-work/395294/ Unicef. (2015). Background Information on Child Labour – World Day Against Child Labour, 12 June. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/events/childlabourday/background.shtml Unicef. (2016). Child labor | Child protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse | UNICEF. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_child_labour.html

Global Warming Carbon Trading - 1105 Words

Jason Dumawa ENG 7 Robert Lorette 11/18/2014 â€Å"Global Warming: Carbon Trading† The world’s climate is changing, and the effects will have a great impact on our planet’s ecosystem, biodiversity, and people’s lives. The average air temperature is already 1.5 degrees than they were at the start of 20th century, and a rise of 1 degree in just over 30 years makes a big difference on our ozone. Climate change is a general term for a change in climate of a long period of time, climate being the long-term weather pattern of a geographical area: temperature and precipitation averages and extremes. When people today talk about climate change they usually refer to the present human-induced climate change caused by burning fossil fuels. This is also called global warming although scientists prefer the term climate change because even though the general pattern is a warming, some areas are expected to get colder, have more extremes in weather. By burning fossil fuels from industry, transport, energy productio n etc., greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released. Carbon dioxide is the main GHG of concern, but others are methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone. These GHGs trap escaping energy emitted by the Earth and heat up the atmosphere, causing a general warming of the planet. However, there is a solution to slow climate change and enforce a limit to how much an industrialized corporations can burn GHG, and that is carbon trading. Humans have been burning fossil fuels such as oil,Show MoreRelatedEconomic Policy Options for Addressing Global Warming980 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic Policy Options for Addressing Global Warming Introduction The topic of global warming has taken center stage recently as one of the most pressing environmental concerns of our time. Scientists generally agree that the temperature of the earth is rising and that the greenhouse effect is the primary culprit. 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